Concrete is the single most widely used material in the world Essay

Concrete a composite man-made material is the most widely used material in the construction industry. It consists of a rotationally chosen mixture of binding material such as lime or cement, well-graded fine and coarse aggregate, water and admixture. In a concrete mix, cement and water form a paste or matrix which fills the voids of the fine aggregate and binds them (fine and coarse) together. The mixture then placed in forms and allowed to cure and becomes hard like stone. The hardening of concrete is caused by chemical reaction between water and cement and it continues for a long time, and consequently, the concrete grows stronger with age. The strength, durability and other characteristics of concrete depend upon the properties of its ingredients, the proportion of the mix, the method of compaction and other controls during placing and curing. Basically, concrete can be classified into two stages namely which is fresh concrete and hardened concrete. There are a few types of concrete likes polymer concrete, glass concrete, asphalt concrete and geopolymer concrete. Geopolymers are formed by alkali-activating a variety of materials including fly ash, blast furnace slag, thermally activated clays etc. to produce a cement-like material. The three most common raw binders used in polymerization are slag, calcined clays (metakaolin) and coal fly ash. The binder materials should contain high levels of aluminum (Al) and silicon (Si) in amorphous form. The raw materials play a significant role in the geopolymer reaction and affect the mechanical properties and microstructure of the final polymeric products. Generally, materials containing mostly amorphous silica (SiO2) and alumina (Al2O3) are the source for geopolymer production. Naturally available materials like kaolin , natural puzzolana and Malaysian marine clay , treated minerals like metakaolin and waste materials like fly ash ,Construction waste , red clay brick waste , fly ash and rice husk-bark ash, fly ash and blast furnace slag etc can be used. Many different materials have already been investigated and used as the binder in geopolymer concrete mixes, including: Low calcium fly ash ( Class F fly-ash) High calcium fly ash (Class C fly-ash) Calcined kaolin or metakaolin Natural minerals containing Al and Si Silica Fume Slag Red mud Albite Geopolymer binders may be made from a variety of alumino-silicate sources. The engineering aspects of geopolymer concrete as later described in this document relate to geopolymeric materials based primarily on low calcium (or Class F) ï ¬â€šy ashes. Geopolymers incorporating significant quantities of calcium-rich materials such as slag, for instance, may have different properties to those based on low calcium ï ¬â€šy ash alone. While commercial availability of geopolymer concrete is a new phenomenon, not just in Australia but globally, geopolymer technology and its application in real projects is not new. Development of the technology has been undertaken in Europe for the entirety of the post-World War 2 era, predominantly in Ukraine during and following the Soviet rule, but significantly in France, Spain, Germany and other countries. This era of research and development resulted in the construction of numerous structures including civil waterworks, railway sleepers, pipes, pavement, roads, fire resistance coatings, conventional precast products and even a twenty-story apartment building in Lipetsk, Russia. Some of these structures are now over sixty years old and their durability has been proven in both the laboratory and most importantly, in the field. Despite this level of large-scale development, the commercial impetus to develop the technology into a business did not arise until the highly substantial carbon emissions from conventional OPC manufacture have become of concern. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1BACKGROUND OF STUDY The study of the strength of geopolymer concrete by using oven curing was done by P. K. Jamade and U.R. Kawade. Geopolymer concrete is prepared by mixing the fly ash, sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide in this study case and cured at a different temperature which is 60â„Æ', 90â„Æ' and 120â„Æ'. The observation has been showing that geopolymer concrete gained a larger compressive strength at higher temperature. The curing time also affects the polymerization process which influences the compressive strength of geopolymer concrete. The polymerization process can be improved by increasing the period of the curing to increase the strength of geopolymer concrete. Steenie Edward Wallah uses four different test specimen which has the different compressive strength to test the shrinkage of geopolymer concrete. The result was compared to the drying shrinkage value which was calculated by using Gilbert method. The result showed that the geopolymer concrete has a very low drying shrinkage. However, the value of drying shrinkage calculated by Gilbert method was 5 to 7 times higher than the value measured. Monita and Hamid R. Nikraz studied the strength characteristics, water permeability, and water absorption of low calcium fly ash based geopolymer concrete. Geopolymer mix was tested with different water/binder ratio, aggregate/binder ratio, alkaline/fly ash ratio and aggregate grading. The results showed that reduce the water/binder ratio and aggregate/binder ratio can obtain a good quality of concrete; the water permeability does not affect by any factor; the water absorption increased by using well-graded aggregates, reducing water/binder ratio and increasing the content of fly ash. Arya Aravind and Matthew M Paul had focused the study on the compressive strength and tensile strength of geopolymer concrete with the reinforcing steel fiber. Experiments were carried out in Box-Behnken experimental design which is a type of response surface methodology. From the result of the Box-Behnken design, it can be concluded that the compressive strength of geopolymer concrete is increased with an increase of the curing period. When the percentage of steel fiber increased, the tensile strength of geopolymer also increased. The strength obtained under the curing process with normal sunlight was 16 N/mm2.

Discuss Nationalism in the ERa of Good Feelings Essay

Nationalism, not sectionalism, was the driving force during the era of good feelings. Nationalism became the leading ideology of the American republic. While sectionalism proceeded in bringing the nation into turmoil and constant bickering among the politicians, as in the case with dealings leading to the Missouri compromise, nationalism was able to unite the nation into a headstrong body, led by an ever-increasing, more powerful central government. Nationalism, many can argue, was a guiding light that helped the populous in Europe unite. As early as the late great Roman Empire, it was that notion of being a part of a uniform body of civil, governed people who helped these places flourish. In early 19th century America, during the â€Å"Era of Good Feelings† as one newspaper put it, Americans began to root themselves in all that the nation stood for which helped them in turn begin to think about moving the United States into a respectable position among the world’s super powers. For example, Stephen Decatur toasts the country and acknowledges that it is our country, for better or for worse. This is a sharp contrast to the views of our founding fathers because George Washington himself, the â€Å"father of our nation†, saluted king George although he was a part of the attempt to establish a separate nation. Poets and writers also began to capture the nation’s spirit. In her Address to the New York State Legislature, Emma Hart Willard, explains how America has no problem in setting precedents and taking risks for the benefit of the country. For example, did the country take a risk in having a democracy instead of a monarchy? The answer to this question is yes, because no one in the history of the world before America, was able to successfully run a government the way that new nation ran. Although they had to switch from the Articles of Confederation to the Constitution, this just proved that the nation could adapt with its people, thus setting precedents. Sectionalism only succeeded in dividing the country. This is because sectionalists always had their own agendas, which often clashed with that of their opposition. The division of votes on the tariff of 1816 was a pretty noticeable one, although the final vote was not really affected by  non-tariff votes. Sectionalism can be found here in the numbers of each region. The majority of New England Votes were cast against the tariff. This should be of no surprise because New England, which at the time was largely federalist, was against the whole war of 1812 effort from the get go. If it were not for the nationalistic pride of the western and southern regions, this protective tariff would have not been passed. Nationalism creates an atmosphere which attempts to propel the nation forward instead of becoming entangled in issues which cause a separation of agendas, thought, and eventually causes a rift in peoples beliefs. The nationalism brought about by the Era of Good feelings helped the United States get on track to becoming what it is today. If you look at current events, you can see that the United States operates with more fluidity when we have a common enemy instead of creating enemies out of our brethren because of our ideals.

Global Financial Market Essay

With the market turmoil of 2008 and 2009 in fairly recent memory, investors were feared to take risk in the stock markets, as instabilities of global stock market accordingly enhanced. Stock market is a key element prior to reflect the performance of economy. It is an important part of the economy of a country. The stock market plays a pivotal role in the growth of the industry and commerce of the country that eventually affects the economy of the country to a great extent. That is reason that the government, industry nd even the central banks of the country keep a close watch on the happenings of the stock market. The stock market is important from both the industry’s point of view as well as the investor’s point of view. Through this assignment, with particularly focusing on the performance of Hong Kong stock market, I am going to discuss the roles of the stock market that affect the economy by elaborating the functions of primary market and secondary market, and anal ysis the Hong Kong stock market in relation to the economy with statistics method. Importance of Stock Market The stock market is a necessary and essential aspect of commerce world-wide. Without a stock market, companies could not easily to raise the fund and capital, and investors could not quickly and easily trade shares through the stock market system, and the global economy would not be established into a maturity stage like now a day. The stock market and thus they play the most important role of supporting the growth of the industry and commerce in the country. That is the reason that a rising stock market is the sign of a developing industrial sector and a growing economy of the country. Primary market Whenever a company wants to raise funds for further expansion or settling up a new business venture, they have to either take a loan from a financial organization or they have to issue shares through the stock market. In fact, the stock market is the primary source for any company to raise funds for business expansions. If a company wants to raise some capital for the business it can issue shares of the company that is basically part ownership of the company rather than issuing debt for enhancing the capital and liquidity because of the cost efficiency. There are three main financial systems such as resources allocation, risk management and risk pricing to simultaneously and consistently perform in an economy under the philosophy of primary market. Resources allocation in the primary market Primary market can raise the fund for the company business plan in a short period. Economy can be affected according to any new IPO issued in the stock primary market. To issue shares for the investors to invest in the stocks, through the primary market of the stock exchange they can issue the shares and get the funds for business requirements. There are certain rules and regulations for getting listed at a stock exchange and they need to fulfill some criteria to issue stocks and go public. The company has the business plan which is required to borrow fund for implementation, and the company has planned to apply their fund raised by the stock market after issuing the share through IPO. Fund should be allocated in different areas of the business plan, and it can also increase the liquidity and capital. Refer to the IPO issuance of Industrial and Commercial Bank of China(ICBC) in 2006, ICBC was one of the biggest bank in China. After the IPO. ICBC was the world’s biggest ever IPO that makes it at the same becoming the biggest bank with the most capital in the world. These can significantly increase the confidence of the investors and reallocate the resources in investing into different market against their business plan. Risk pricing in the primary market Investors always assess and calculate the interest and return to every investment which they made. In the primary market of issuing stock listed on the stock exchange, rules and regulations are formed to dominate any new issuers. International banks and Investment banks are always the underwriter of the IPO. It can also comfort the investors that the risk has been assessed by experience large institutions accurately, and then the price of the share is announced to the public objectively. Investors can have more information to compare the return and lose through the provided information in the primary market. In the view of the above, investors will be attracted to invest into the IPO against the recommended pricing. More funding invests into the market that can make a positive impact to the economy. Risk management in primary market To issue IPO in the primary market, guaranteed investors should be confirmed to every IPO announced. This can help into managing the risk, as a minimum of fund can be ensured to the company which can control the risk exposure. The company may have liquidity problem in case of failure in raising the fund of IPO, therefore, the function of guaranteed investor and IPO underwriter can mitigate suck risk, and that can be a risk management to protect the interest of the company as well as the investors. It can reduce the uncertainties and managing the risks involved in investment market of economy. Secondary Market The secondary function of the stock market is that the market plays the role of a common platform for the buyers and sellers of these stocks that are listed at the stock market. It is the secondary market of the stock exchange where retail investors and institutional investors buy and sell the stocks. In fact it is these stock market traders who raise the fund for the businesses by investing in the stocks. So the stock market is not only providing the much required funds for boosting the business, but also providing a common place for stock trading. It is the stock market that makes it possible to sell the stocks at any point of time and get back the investment along with the profit. This makes the stocks much more liquid in nature and thereby attracting  investors  to invest in the stock market. Mobilize Savings in the secondary market When businesses or even individuals hold their money in form of shares, they can easily mobilize funds for investments. Securities traded in the secondary markets are not as liquid as cash therefore this limits the ease of accessing cash. Accumulation of funds for long-term capital projects is therefore easy and possible. The secondary market provides a convenient platform for the trade of securities hence shares can be easily converted to cash for investment. Investment Opportunities in the secondary market As opposed to holding money in savings accounts, the secondary market provides investors with an opportunity to save and at the same time invest. Shareholders can earn and make profit in investing in the secondary market, as the share price always rises and falls subject to the news in public and the environment of economy. In the secondary market, investment in shares does not require a large of fund, therefore, it provides a chance to invest and expand their portfolios. Stock market and economy (Statistical analysis) To support the analysis of stock market in related to the economy, I have done a t-test showing as below. Basically, as the stock market should reflect the economy in advance. I do the statistic in one year difference. Refer to the result, the difference is considered to not statistically significant. The stock market seem influencing the economy significantly. We can see the stock market dropped in 2008 that make the decrease of GDP in 2009. Due to the financial crisis in 2008, the stock market was in panic. This is one of the factors to decrease the GDP. In Hong Kong economy, as there was a great support due to the significant growth of China’s economy. In relation to the increase of HKEx index since 2009, the stock market was in recovery that bloom the economy and the Hong Kong property market has accordingly benefited to grow in these years. GDP was also reflected slightly growth. It can strongly evidence and prove that the performance of stock market obtains a strong relationship with the economy. Conclusions With the reference of the above, stock market is essential to the impact of economy. Companies could easily raise the fund thru the stock market by IPO in the primary market, in order to apply the fund in implementing the expansion business plan, and the investors could gain interest and profit in the secondary market in stock exchange that the capital fund of investors could be increased, in which both factors could have positive effect to the economy. In my recommendation, Hong Kong Exchange and Clearing Limited (HKEX) could consider to extend the trading hours. It could stay closer to other stock markets like USNY, London and etc. This implementation could attract more investors and equity fund to invest into Hong Kong stock market, as the time difference to other stock markets is shorten. It could increase the trading volume in the stock market. If the stock market becomes prosperous that makes the Hang Seng index increase, as more funds invest into Hong Kong, the economy in Hong Kong can accordingly rise in an absolute way.

Of Guns and Butter The Path of Arrogance Article

Of Guns and Butter The Path of Arrogance - Article Example Originally, the macroeconomic reference was â€Å"Guns or Butter?† meaning that society often has to choose between those two opposites: guns representing military-type goods, while butter represents civilian goods. It was clear throughout most of the decades of the mid-Twentieth Century that no country could have as much as it might desire of both guns and butter, as that would violate the concept of production possibilities based on limited economic resources. Therefore, every society has to pick and choose its products. Sometimes, the contrast is made between capital goods versus consumer goods, with the same conclusion: we cannot continually expand the production of both types of products and services without running grave economic risks. One of the most serious of those risks is that the monetary, fiscal, and liquidity policies needed to make us produce the maximum of both â€Å"guns and butter† will inevitably lead to hyperinflation, as this vast array of governme nt demands is added to existing and growing non-governmental demands for consumer and capital goods. As the Federal government, in particular, uses trillion-dollar deficit spending to finance its own purchases, running the monetary printing presses to cover those costs, the value of our money will inevitably decline. That decline is the essence of inflation, and it is likely to escalate as the overspending by all sectors of the economy continues and grows. As prices rise alarmingly, money will begin to become worthless, as happened in numerous countries which followed such policies in the past.

Letter To A Congressman Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Letter To A Congressman - Essay Example America spends approximately 86% in addressing the chronic diseases (CDC, 2015). By designating the current position of the Chief Nurse Officer as the National Nurse for Public Health, the bill facilitates the nurses to focus their education in educating the public on the methods of making notable improvements in their health status. Olsen et al (2009) underscores the significance of education in healthcare. The bill supports outreach and education programs (Congress.Gov, 2015). The position of national nurse officer will augment the advocacy efforts that seek to address the changing needs of the dynamic health care systems in the United States. Many citizens require excellent care for the terminal and chronic diseases, and the bill will strengthen the role of nurses to offer timely and quality care. Once again, I fully support the National Nurse Act of 2015, and will do everything to ensure the bill achieves its objectives once approved and passed into a law. I am confident that the approval of the bill will model a truly collaborative health care in the United

Article review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 6

Article review - Essay Example Her publication in the peer reviewed journal affirms her position as an authority on her subject and her position as a faculty member only adds to the value of her words on women’s history. The article reads more like a lesson for women who are socially better off helping women who are not their social equals. The women who supported and ran the birth control clinic are certainly well educated, well read and well traveled while the women who come for support and assistance in birth control to the clinic seem to be very troubled in social and economic terms. The need for birth control in these cases is not only for health reasons; it is also because the women feel that their family would be unable to support another child. Reflecting the times, the idea of birth control is shown to be connected to the concept of eugenics and it is noted that the field of eugenics and controlled breeding was a common phenomenon at the time. However, the lack of eugenics and the general disagreement on ethical terms with the concept of genetics in today’s world seem to be based more on the link which eugenics has with Nazi Germany than anything else. The writer notes that the women who worked at the clinic realized that the problem of runaway population could be very severe in both social and economic terms for the globe than just the location they were working in. The author certainly provides evidence which supports the information given in the article. There are helpful footnotes which clarify what the author was getting at and declare the sources of information. Additionally, the author provides information from both the workers at the clinic and the individuals who were seeking help from the clinic to give a rather well rounded picture of how the birth control clinic was actually functioning. Of course the writer bemoans the fact that despite the enlightened views taken by these women

Case Comment on agaren v Hans erberg Fransson Assignment

Case Comment on agaren v Hans erberg Fransson - Assignment Example The Aklagaren v Hans Akerberg Fransson case is one of the cases that have been tried in line with the principle and jurisdiction of the ne bis indem Union law. The main principle of ne bis indem that is usually applied in the application of these laws is the preservation of equal rights of the accused as well as to those of the defendant (Pillai 204). The initial step in applying the ne bis indem law is the determination whether the charge before the court had been filed in other cases. Therefore, if it is revealed that is the case, then the case before the court will be violating fundamental rights of the accused as provided for in article (51) of the European Union law. Thus, it in effect, it would mean that the rights of accused under ne bis indem have been infringed thereby jeopardizing the credibility of the case before the court (Thomas 98). ... It is apparent that case never qualified for ne bis indem trail since the same case had been filed earlier; however, according to the judgement statement herein above, the court in Sweden was given the power to decide whether to uphold the right for the cased in the Aklagaren v Hans Akerberg Fransson case to be tried twice (Van Bael & Bellis 102). If this was the case, then the ne bis indem’s credibility could be  questionable, and it  should be considered  bias. The Aklagaren v Hans Akerberg Fransson case was primarily pegged on violation of the tax laws. In most cases, Tax laws and regulations are usually enacted to provide guidelines to governments or institutions towards effective and transparent revenue collection (Sigler 144). Therefore, considering Sweden as an independent institution or state, just like any other state in the European Union, it is expected to have its laws and regulations for taxation. The Swedish taxation laws state that; â€Å"Individuals who are liable to Swedish tax have to pay tax on their income and capital gains.† The taxable income for this state includes all remuneration received from employers, whether in cash or in kind, such as free food, free accommodation, and company cars, among others. Pensions, unemployment benefits are also included in the taxable income. However, it is permissible to deduct certain costs from income; for example, travelling costs between work and home† (TaxRates.cc, Para 5). Apparent Sweden only taxes the Swedish residents and to be considered a resident with the obligation to pay taxes, one must have stayed in Sweden for more than six months. According to  Grant Thornton International Ltd (para 3) asserts, an individual will be considered a Swedish

Best Nursing Practices when Transfusing Blood Products Research Paper

Best Nursing Practices when Transfusing Blood Products - Research Paper Example Nursing is a profession of the highest realm with unconditional love for mankind. Professionals are expected to show a degree of special attainment, altruism, and self-sacrifice in their dealings with the rest of the community and in return receive privileges both in the workplace and at large. Nurses work in multidisciplinary professional teams with doctors and therapists. Teamwork in nursing practice refers to interdisciplinary practice or collaboration defined as a joint decision-making and communication process with the goal of satisfying the needs of the patient. This includes respecting the unique abilities of each professional involved in the care. Nurses should be equipped with the all the needed information to complete all the tasks to work with the patients, families and colleagues in a safe, efficient manner. To deal effectively with the issues of patients nurse should have multiple skills. The attitude of the nurse affects their daily judgments, decisions, and efficiency. It is necessary to synthesize the required attitude, patient-focused systematic approach and purposeful clinical learning to deliver the needed result. Nurses should have ability to react quickly and take instant decision when needed. They should have capability to think laterally and work under tension. These qualities are needed for handling patients who are in crisis. Nurses are continuously physically and mentally challenged. They should able to handle every tough situation with focus, strength, stamina and heightened alertness.

Choose one Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 6

Choose one - Essay Example The motivating factor in my participation in campaign is the desire for change. Previously, there has been a low voter turnout in the United States probably due to ignorance on importance of voting. As a result, we have had poor policies on important aspects of our lives such as health and employment. When I heard that there is a leader with different policies on the same aspects, I felt the need to mobilize many people so that we could get the much-needed change. It was up to me to educate people on how viable this leader was and the need to vote for him. I expected that this leader would bring change. This was due to a critical revision of his policies in comparison to those of opponent candidates. He seemed to be able to effect change especially in the most important sectors of my life. I did not have any previous formal political training in the past. I did not worry to involve myself because of my age, culture and ignorance. In essence, I was quite young to figure out the weight of participating in politics. Ignorance played a part because I never saw the importance of voting or even participating in any political campaign. The only type of training I got was on the policies, which were clearly explained to us during the campaign meetings. The overall experience was exhilarating with me gaining more knowledge on how policies for campaigns were made. I was also able to use my gift as a leader and the overall result is that more people are now enlightened on policies put forward by some of their leaders. The challenges I faced were mainly cultural. I found it difficult to mobilize people who were not from my race and culture due to social barriers. The most important lesson I learnt was esprit de corps, meaning unity, more united people are usually stronger in all aspects (Woodward 90). Ignorance is also the mother of all problems. Resources, engagement and mobilization are some of the factors that establish whether or not people will

Preventing hypoxemia in closed head injury Essay

Preventing hypoxemia in closed head injury - Essay Example In closed head injury, brain is susceptible to further injury caused by cerebral edema since the brain is confined in a calvarium and therefore, cannot expand. Cerebral edema is the accumulation of excess water into the intra and extra cellular spaces of the brain (Cerebral Edema, 2003), and is most often encountered in patients with brain injury. Cerebral edema can cause a lethal effect, which includes cerebral ischemia due to compromised regional or global cerebral blood flow (CBF) and intracranial compartmental shifts due to intracranial pressure gradients that result in compression of vital brain structures (Ahmed, 2007). Thus, it is the primary goal in medicine to manage cerebral edema to maintain regional and cerebral blood flow in order to meet the metabolic requirements of the brain as well as prevent secondary neuronal injury brought about by cerebral ischemia. Tegtmeyer (1998) noted that in order to minimize secondary injuries brought about by closed head injury, priorities of treatment must be geared towards airway, breathing, and circulation. Airway must be maintained to facilitate oxygen delivery to the brain to prevent cascading of secondary injuries. During the injury, the cerebral perfusion pressure drops off rapidly as the blood goes down, and brain volume increases with swelling and edema. Cytotoxic edema which results from closed head injury must be prevented to further damage the brain. And in doing so, hypercarbia and hypoxemia must be corrected. As indicated in the University of Oxford database (2008), secondary brain injury may have been caused by inadequate brain perfusion, and therefore, avoiding and treating hypoxia, hypercarbia, and hypertension are of utmost importance. Increased morbidity and mortality are associated with hypoxemia, hypercarbia, and hypotension in patients with severe head trauma. In line with this, bra in injury causing

Effective Assessment Practices Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Effective Assessment Practices Paper - Essay Example 1. Assess student readiness for learning -- Any information that the student needs is available to them in some way. Usually this material is part of the syllabus. It will include any pre-requisites for the course that are needed, the ways that are acceptable for the course to be completed (how to submit assignments etcetera) and the consequences of cheating or plagiarism. 2. Learning objectives, instructional and assessment activities are aligned -- students will be informed in this section about the criteria that will be used to evaluate discussions, core concepts, grading and assignments as well as student projects. Due dates will be clear and each student will know what is expected. 3. Multiple assessment strategies -- This section evaluates the different types of assessment that include things like reference lists of materials students can use, options for the assignments, tests and quizzes, papers or projects and any other type of assessment that the instructor feels is necessary for the course to be completed. 4. Regular feedback -- students should receive feedback quickly from the instructor and the teacher should guide the student for improvement. Rubrics are important to allow all students to know what is expected, the grading scale is described and if necessary there are practice exercises. 5. Self-assessments and peer feedback -- some instructors include self assessment practice assignments that they make available to students before tests. Others have specific questions, have peer review or students get to apply their work to rubrics. 1. Evaluation criteria -- criteria should reflect instruction, the essence or key attributes of a skill or body of knowledge to be mastered and all criteria must be teachable (students must be able to improve). 1. DFN 12012 Assessment for Cardiovascular Respiratory Renal Block (Appendix A)-- this rubric does not meet the criteria for a good rubric. The rubric asks students

Never Let Me Go Plot Essay Example for Free

Never Let Me Go Plot Essay In a small school called Hailsham placed in England in the 1990’s, Kathy, a student from years back is looking in search of Hailsham after a few years of it being shut down. Kathy has reminisce of Tommy; a strong-willed boy who was the best football player at the time, threw tantrums and wore a special polo shirt as good luck. She also had reminisce of her times at Hailsham and the events that had taken place there. When Kathy was a student, everyone who attended was examined weekly in Room 18 by a nurse who everyone nicknamed Crow Face. Kathy and the other students learned about â€Å"exchanges† which took place four times a year; once in the spring, summer, autumn, and winter. How you were regarded at Hailsham was based on how well you were at creating. These creations that students made were part of the exchange and students would buy work done by other students in your own year. When students bought your creations, this would get you tokens and you could buy other creations from class mates. Tommy is a shy child who is not very creative. In Miss Geraldine’s class is where most of the students make their creations. Tommy made a kid-like creation of an elephant painting and Miss Geraldine praised Tommy for his uniqueness. After Tommy stopped throwing his tantrums during school he stopped getting made fun of. The woman, who ran Hailsham, went by the name of Madame. She was a tall, French, narrow, short haired and distant from the children. Miss Emily was one of the students’ favorite teachers. She was older, stood straight, had silvery hair that she wore back; quiet, deliberate voice, and made fair decisions. In Miss Emily’s and Miss Lucy’s class, the students talked about the token controversy over Madame taking work and paying the students with tokens. Eventually the issue got resolved and tokens were given to the students. Polly, a student from the same year as Kathy and Tommy, asked Miss Lucy why Madame took their creations. Miss Lucy replied, â€Å"All I can tell you today is that it’s for a good reason. A very important reason. But if I tried to explain it to you now, I don’t think you’d understand. One day, I hope, it’ll be explained to you† (Ishiguro 40). Once a month there would be â€Å"Sales†. A large van would bring toys and outdated items from the outside of the Hailsham gates and students could use their tokens to buy items of their preference. Every morning there was an assembly before school, except on the days that there were Sales because there would be announcements. Junior year, Kathy became acquainted with Ruth. Kathy and Ruth played in the sandbox together and eventually Ruth began to let Kathy play with her horses. Ruth questioned Kathy about if she liked Miss Geraldine and Kathy said that she did. Ruth then said, â€Å"All right. In that case, I’ll let you be one of her secret guards† (Ishiguro 48). Ruth tells Kathy that there are 6-10 secret guards and they make presents for Miss Geraldine and guard her from being kidnapped. Ruth said Miss Geraldine gave her the pencil case that she has now. Kathy looks back into the files of the sales to see if Ruth is lying. In art class another student had asked about Ruth’s pencil case and Kathy backed her up. In Miss Emily’s classroom she talked about England and a place called Norfolk which was known as a â€Å"lost corner.† Kathy lost her beloved tape of ‘Songs after Dark’ by Judy Bridgewater at which she found at a Sale. The cover of the cassette tape was not appropriate for Hailsham because the guardians were very strict on smoking. On the tape, track number three was Kathy’s favorite song; â€Å"Never Let Me Go.† One day Kathy was listening to her favorite track on the cassette and was dancing around like she was holding a baby, Madame walked by her room and saw the door open and Kathy dancing. Madame began to weep and the tape went missing a few months after this incident. All school attendees cannot have babies. Ruth hunted for the lost tape, but was incapable of finding it and instead bought a tape with ballroom music on it to make Kathy feel better. On a gloomy day, Miss Lucy talked to the students about how they are at Hailsham to eventually donate their vital organs. In school the students are taught to look after other students and not after the guardians. Sex becomes the new â€Å"creativeness† and Tommy and Ruth break up after 6 months. Kathy later finds Miss Lucy a wreck in Room 22. Miss Lucy explains to Tommy that she should have never told him that he didn’t need to be creative because their creations would later be used as evidence. Miss Lucy eventually leaves Hailsham and Ruth and Tommy become and couple again. After the students graduate from Hailsham, they are moved to cottages and are now known as veterans. At the cottages the students are free to do what they want and reading books is the proper thing to do and watching television is frowned upon. Keffer keeps up with the cottages and hates a boy named, Steve, because of his magazines. Kathy looks through Steve’s magazines looking for her â€Å"possible†. A possible is the other person that you were copied from. It is said that if you see your â€Å"possible,† you will see your future life. Chrissie and Rodney, two veterans from the cottage s, say they saw Ruth’s â€Å"possible† in Norfolk. Chrissie, Rodney, Ruth, Tommy, and Kathy head to Norfolk to find Ruth’s â€Å"possible.† One the way to Norfolk, Ruth mainly talked to the veterans about a rumor how if you really loved someone that you may be able to talk the guardians into letting you stay together for a few more years longer. The group goes into a small homey store called Woolworth’s and Chrissie and Ruth talk more about the known rumor. Ruth finally sees her possible â€Å"possible† and follows her into â€Å"The Portway Studios† which is an art gallery. The â€Å"possible† seems less and less like Ruth and when the â€Å"possible† leaves, the group stays and listens to the silver haired woman about all of the art. Ruth complains about how â€Å"possibles† are poor people. Later that day, Chrissie, Rodney, and Ruth go to visit an older veteran by the name of Martain to try and cheer up Ruth. Kathy and Tommy stay behind and do not go with them, but instead go in search of Kathy’s old cassette tape that had disappeared so long ago. Tommy tells Kathy that he draws imaginary animals and that he actually does have creativeness and it just has not came out until now. Once back at the cottages, no one talked about the trip to Norfolk and Ruth finds an old church that is no longer in use and sometimes goes there to read peacefully. The essay to leave the cottages and start training no longer seemed important to anyone. Tommy and Ruth slowly started drifting apart and Ruth politely tells Kathy that Tommy does not like being with woman who have been with this and that person. Not too much later, Kathy decides to tell Keffer’s that she would like to start training. Kathy later starts as a carer. As a carer they learn to live on the go constant and deal with pain and isolation in their own ways. Kathy runs into students and long ago friends once in a great while. Kathy walked home one day behind a clown with a bunch of balloons and a case. She waited for a balloon to fly away but none of them ever did. Kathy then later went to see Ruth at the Recovery Centre in Dover. They talked about a boat that had been found not too far away and about Tommy. Kathy made a plan to go and see this boat and invite Tommy with them. Kathy and Ruth traveled to Kingsfield to pick up Tommy where they had seen old pictures with a family and a big pool and where the pool had been before there was cement. They all went and seen the boat and it reminded Kathy of what Hailsham might look like now that its doors were closed for good. One the way back to Kingsfield to drop off Tommy and say goodbyes for now, they talked about Chrissie passing and the billboards flying by on the side of the road. Ruth randomly decides to give Tommy Madame’s address because Kathy will not take it. Ruth gave Tommy and Kathy Madame’s address in case Kathy and Tommy want to get a deferral. Kathy visits Ruth in the hospital and tells Ruth that she and Tommy are going to go to Madame’s hose to try and get a deferral. Ruth eventually passes. Kathy moved into a suite at Kingsfield with Tommy and became his carer. Tommy is slowly healing from his last donation and he draws animals to fill in his time while Kathy sits on their bed and reads. Kathy and Tommy pick out drawings and go to talk to Madame. Madame was not home but they saw her down the street so Kathy and Tommy started to follow Madame home. Madame pauses but tells Kathy and Tommy to come inside. They talked to Madame about getting a deferral and adding creations to Madame’s gallery. A person in a wheelchair was behind a big curtain and Madame tells whoever to come out. To Kathy and Tommy’s surprise the person in the wheelchair is Miss Emily. Miss Emily explains to the two that there is no such thing as a deferral and the gallery at Hailsham was to prove to outsiders that the children raised at Hailsham had souls. Tommy threw a tantrum on the way home. Tommy’s theory was right; Hailsham was just a place to experiment on people to create perfect people. Later, Tommy believes that it would be best if things ended between him and Kathy so things are not so hard in the end. Tommy describes to Kathy about the imaginary puddle that he would jump in when he scored a touchdown. Tommy dies after he â€Å"completes† and Kathy visits Norfolk for the last time before she â€Å"completes.† A major theme in the novel Never Let Me go is conformity. All of the students at Hailsham are born into this world as perfect people because they are clones and are meant to save others’ lives, not themselves. Most of the students at Hailsham accept the requirements throughout the process of being a clone. Tommy is the only student that throws tantrums and works his way against the system, but eventually forms to the way of life that he was given. All of the students see the future that awaits them but the guardians reassure them that it is okay and everyone forms to society in their own ways. The students do not fight against what they have been given, instead praise the life they have been given; but at the same time have thoughts about why their creations had been taken and why they had to live their lives like this. Many did not ask questions about their lives for the simple reason that they were too scared to find out the answer. A second major theme presented in the novel was obligation to society. The founders of Hailsham prided themselves on producing the most accurate clone in the world. Creating copies of humans in order for them to owe their lives to society, many of these clones were unhappy and fell into depression. The founders believed that many of the Hailsham students should be prepared to take their lives to save others and be happy in the process of achieving it. Madame tries to explain this to Kathy and Tommy when they question her about the deferral. Madame tells them that they should be happy because even though their lives are going to end early and they will spend countless days in pain, they at least had a wonderful life to live unlike many of the clones before them that didn’t get to explore the many wonders of life. The founders of Hailsham raised all of the clones to respect their elders and do as they are told. This is the same way they go through life and by doing so they live a bearable worthwhile life. A literary device that is used in this book a few times is a simile. A simile is a figure of speech involving the comparison of one thing with another thing of a different kind, used to make a description more emphatic or vivid. An example in Never Let Me Go is, â€Å"In fact, it took a moment to see they were animals at all. The first impression was like one you’d get if you took the back off a radio set: tiny canals, weaving tendons, miniature screws and wheels were all drawn with obsessive precision, and only when you held the page away you could see it was some kind of armadillo, say, or a bird† (Ishiguro 187). Ishiguro uses this phrase to show how much hard work Tommy put into his drawings. Tommy thinks that if he works hard and really puts himself to work on creating a unique piece maybe he will prove that he deserves to live longer. Tommy wants to prove to the guardians and all of the outside world that he is not just a clone and he actually does have feelings and has a true soul. Another simile found in this novel is â€Å"I thought about Hailsham closing, and how it was like someone coming along with a pair of shears and snipping the balloon strings just where they entwined above the man’s fist† (Ishiguro 213). Kathy thought this because now that Hailsham has closed, her past life has been cut away and taken from her. Even though her memories have not been taken from her, she can no longer return to Hailsham if she wanted to visit. A second literary device used throughout this novel was an anaphora. A couple examples of an anaphora is, â€Å"You’ve been told about it. You’re students. You’re . . . special. So keeping yourselves well, keeping yourselves very healthy inside, that’s much more important for each of you than it is for me† (Ishiguro 68-69). Ishiguro put an emphasis on this quote using the word or structure of â€Å"you† a lot because he wants the reader to clearly see that the students are the ones that need to stay healthy, be looked after, and take pride in them. Another anaphora found in Never Let Me Go is, â€Å"Because however sympathetic they were, I could see that deep down they were relieved. They were relieved things had turned out the way they had; that they were in a position to comfort Ruth, instead of being left behind in the wake of a dizzying boost to her hopes. They were relieved they wouldn’t have to face, more starkly than ever, the notion which fascinated and nagged and scared them: this notion of theirs that there were all kinds of possibilities open to us Hailsham students that weren’t open to them† (Ishiguro 165). This quote really shows the relief that Chrissie and Rodney have in this part of the book. Chrissie and Rodney are so relieved because there has never been a student at Hailsham that has ever met or even seen there â€Å"possible† and if they were to, everyone would have no idea how to react to such a thing. The book Never Let Me Go was very enjoyable although in some parts I would have to say the book was kind of boring. For the most part I liked this book, but I felt like I kept reading and reading and even when I finished the book, I felt like I wasn’t done reading. To this day, I don’t know if that is a good thing or a bad thing. Either way I enjoyed reading the book, it teaches the reader to appreciate the things that we take for granted every day in our lives and to take time and notice the little things that are around you. Overall, I am glad that I chose this book to read over the summer and hope to share this book with others.

Effects of Three Body Transformed Hamiltonian

Effects of Three Body Transformed Hamiltonian CHAPTER – 6 CONTRIBUTION OF THREE BODY TRANSFORMED HAMILTONIAN () THROUGH FULL CONNECTED TRIPLE EXCITATION COUPLED CLUSTER OPERATORS TO VALENCE IONIZATION POTENTIALS OF F2 AND Cl2 COMPUTED VIA EIP-VUMRCCSDÏ„ SCHEME 6.1 Introduction In this work, the effects of three body transformed Hamiltonian through full connected triples is studied on F2 and Cl2. To see the role of [1] in terms of magnitude, two kinds of computations named scheme–A and scheme–B are done. Scheme – A includes along with the other usual diagrams for EIP-MRCCSDà ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ´ matrix [1-4]. In scheme–B, the term is totally absent. In this calculations, two chemically interesting and challenging molecules F2, and Cl2 ( because Fluorine atom is most electronegative, and Cl2 contains as many as 34 electrons ) are considered . The basis sets cc-pVDZ and cc-pVTZ (spherical Gaussians) [5] and experimental equilibrium geometry are used in these computations. The basis sets were collected from : http://www.emsl.pnl.gov:2080/forms/basisform.html. Table 6.1 and 6.2 contain all results. 6.2. Results and Discussion Both the molecules are linear and centro-symmetric and hence their point group is D∞h out of which we consider only the largest abelian sub-group D2h. All outer-valence main vertical IPs are presented in Table 6.1. Since independent particle model is valid here, some Koopmans’ configurations appear while going from one basis to another. Naturally, there is same one-to-one correspondence between scheme-A and scheme-B also. For single bonded molecule F2, the contribution of is small. For 2ÃŽ  u state , the differences in the case of cc-pVDZ and cc-pVTZ are 0.026 eV(.600 kcal/mol) and 0.029 eV(0.669 kcal/mol) respectively. For 2ÃŽ  u state of Cl2, the difference (cc-pVDZ) 0.040 eV(0.922 kcal/mol) is significant in view of that we are considering here the correlation dynamics of outer valence electrons. Experimental IPs are presented in the Tables with a view to realizing the reliability of our theoretical results only. Too accurate comparison is not possible here because of the restraint of our starting basis sets. For that, approaching towards basis set saturation as much as possible is necessary. Since scheme-A (as it includes ) gives more accurate IP. From now on or unless otherwise explicitly mentioned, it will be assumed that a theoretical IP value relates to scheme-A only. In the inner valence region, the sizes of the basis sets sometimes influence the IP-profile of the same molecule in higher energy regions considerably. The single bonded F2 molecule is studied first, the IPs of which are presented in Table 6.2. The first 2ÃŽ £g+ satellite of F2 shows that maximum contribution of is by an amount 1.117 eV(25.758 kcal/mol) for cc-pVDZ basis and 0.910 eV(20.985 kcal/mol) for cc-pVTZ basis. The difference (cc-pVTZ) 1.117 eV(25.758 kcal/mol) for 2ÃŽ £g+ is significant. In 2ÃŽ  u state, the maximum contributions are 0.773 eV(17.826 kcal/mol) for cc-pVDZ basis and 0.911 eV(21.001 kcal/mol) for cc-pVTZ basis respectively. In 2ÃŽ £u+ state, the contributions are 0.256 eV(5.903 kcal/mol) for cc-pVDZ basis and 0.267 eV(6.157 kcal/mol) for cc-pVTZ basis. Other satellites do not have the basis-to-basis correspondence. However, scheme-A to scheme-B correspondence is retained, which is based on the dominant configurations with expansion co-efficient à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¾ 0 .3 or more. The next test case is Cl2 molecule, the IPs of which are presented in Table 6.2. The first 2ÃŽ £g+ satellite of Cl2 shows that maximum contribution of is by an amount 0.223 eV(5.142 kcal/mol) for cc-pVDZ basis and 1.305 eV(30.094 kcal/mol) for cc-pVTZ basis, respectively. In 2ÃŽ  u state, the contribution is 0.167 eV(3.851 kcal/mol) for cc-pVDZ basis. In 2ÃŽ £u+ state, the maximum contribution is 1.269 eV(29.263 kcal/mol) for cc-pVDZ basis, no such value for cc-pVTZ basis is found. The IPs onwards are arranged on the basis of dominant configurations. If dominant configurations differ from basis-to-basis substantially, they are put in different rows in the tables. Thus, some IP values which appear in case of cc-pVDZ may not appear at all in case of cc-pVTZ, and vice versa. Similarly, an IP for a basis appearing in scheme-A may be absent in scheme-B, and vice versa. While in the first case it is due to basis-set effect, in the second case it is due to . If for an IP, scheme-A to scheme-B correspondence is observed, only then it is possible to make a comment on the amount by which the IP has been shifted to what extent in scheme-B relative to Scheme-A. In other words, a quantitative picture of the effect of can be made. For quite a few IPs, the contributions of are significant. The values mentioned in parenthesis are relative intensities along with IPs. Molecule States Configurations Basis :cc-pVDZ Basis: cc-pVTZ Expt Scheme-A Scheme-B à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…’Ãâ€"â‚ ¬DiffÃâ€"â‚ ¬(eV) Scheme-A Scheme-B Ãâ€"â‚ ¬Diffà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…’à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…’à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…’Ãâ€"â‚ ¬ (eV) F2 2ÃŽ  g 1Ï€g -1 15.124 (0.933) 15.136 (0.932) 0.012 15.415 (0.928) 15.429 (0.927) 0.014 15.87a 15.70b 2ÃŽ  u 1Ï€u -1 18.190 (0.873) 18.216 (0.867) 0.026 18.492 (0.874) 18.521 (0.869) 0.029 18.8a 18.4b 2ÃŽ £+g 3ÏÆ'g -1 20.671 (0.956) 20.652 (0.954) 0.019 20.926 (0.948) 20.908 (0.947) 0.018 21.1a Cl2 2ÃŽ  g 2Ï€g -1 11.138 (0.954) 11.136 (0.954) 0.002 11.318 (0.948) 11.315 (0.948) 0.003 11.49b 2ÃŽ  u 2Ï€u -1 14.037 (0.059) 13.997 (0.916) 0.040 14.162 (0.911) 14.160 (0.911) 0.002 14.0b 2ÃŽ £+g 5ÏÆ'g -1 15.687 (0.952) 17.467 (0.018) 17.446 (0.018) 0.021 15.806 (0.942) 15.792 (0.942) 19.698 (0.008) 0.014 15.8b Table 6.1 : Contribution of the diagrams for three-body transformed Hamiltonian of 3h2p-3h2p block of EIP-MRCCSDÏ„ matrix (Fig.3.3, Chap. 3 ) to vertical ionization potentials ( in eV) of outer valence region (relative intensities have been put in the parentheses ) 1 eV = 23 .06035 kcal/mol aRef.[6] bRef.[7] Table 6.2 : Contribution of the diagrams for three-body transformed Hamiltonian of 3h2p-3h2p block of EIP-MRCCSDÏ„ matrix (Fig.3.3, Chap. 3) to inner valence main and satellite vertical ionization potentials ( in eV) of F2 and Cl2 Mol States Basis : cc-pVDZ Basis : cc-pVTZ Expt. Scheme-A Scheme- B à Ã¢â‚¬   Diff à Ã¢â‚¬   Scheme- A Scheme- B I Diff I F2 2ÃŽ £+g 29.680(0.016) 40.785(0.043) 42.672(0.436) 50.701(0.056) 54.836(0.101) 28.863(0.015) 40.835(0.015) 42.653(0.047) 50.600(0.060) 53.719(0.056) 0.817 0.050 0.019 0.101 1.117 41.916(0.659) 42.800(0.157) 42.889(0.048) 50.482(0.190) 41.961(0.617) 42.910(0.149) 42.385(0.059) 50.367(0.032) 0.045 0.910 0.404 0.115 41.75c 2ÃŽ  u 24.524(0.028) 32.416(0.065) 33.151(0.014) 33.671(0.021) 45.999(0.011) 51.633(0.015) 24.461(0.032) 31.643(0.050) 44.431(0.020) 50.239(0.020) 0.063 0.773 25.014(0.026) 32.936(0.039) 24.940(0.029) 32.025(0.052) 0.074 0.911 2ÃŽ  g 41.063(0.021) 42.117(0.013) 47.846(0.022) 40.314(0.067) 0.251 42.491(0.011) 48.659(0.013) 40.691(0.047) 2ÃŽ £+u 29.110(0.015) 29.203(0.040) 32.669(0.017) 37.491(0.675) 28.857(0.012) 32.413(0.017) 37.480(0.743) 0.253 0.256 0.011 29.690(0.030) 29.762(0.038) 33.195(0.022) 29.432(0.039) 32.928(0.023) 37.289(0.667) 0.330 0.267 37.47c cRef.[8] Table 6.2 continued Mol States Basis : cc-pVDZ Basis : cc-pVTZ Expt. Scheme-A Scheme- B à Ã¢â‚¬   Diff à Ã¢â‚¬   Scheme- A Scheme- B I Diff I Cl2 2ÃŽ £+g 22.222(0.027) 25.085(0.013) 28.214(0.650) 29.962(0.020) 37.302(0.038) 22.137(0.026) 25.041(0.012) 28.202(0.635) 29.739(0.029) 37.237(0.038) 0.085 0.044 0.012 0.223 0.065 22.443(0.034) 26.423(0.019) 26.655(0.073) 27.479(0.164) 29.939(0.032) 34.358(0.021) 22.356(0.033) 26.637(0.019) 26.684(0.059) 27.477(0.152) 31.244(0.048) 35.660(0.004) 35.631(0.048) 0.087 0.214 0.029 0.002 1.305 2ÃŽ  u 23.119(0.083) 22.974(0.059) 31.017(0.017) 22.967(0.059) 27.466(0.002) 29.075(0.002) 29.514(0.003) 30.663(0.002) 31.000(0.018) 31.258(0.009) 0.007 0.017 2ÃŽ  g 25.579(0.029) 25.412(0.023) 0.167 22.607(0.002) 25.606(0.015) 31.139(0.002) 33.351(0.014) 33.470(0.012) 34.804(0.010) 25.534(0.011) 26.019(0.006) 31.076(0.002) 33.308(0.008) 33.404(0.011) 34.099(0.003) 34.804(0.003) 34.844(0.011) 36.413(0.007) 37.059(0.002) 37.728(0.002) 38.080(0.002) 38.619(0.001) 48.004(0.001) 48.067(0.001) 0.072 0.063 0.043 0.066 0.040 2ÃŽ £+u 22.258(0.297) 24.399(0.279) 26.268(0.185) 38.132(0.025) 41.469(0.025) 22.222(0.275) 24.339(0.289) 26.220(0.184) 38.082(0.023) 40.200(0.018) 0.036 0.000 0.048 0.050 1.269 22.404(0.424) 24.413(0.111) 26.214(0.071) 31.646(0.033) 34.124(0.021) 36.911(0.042) 37.325(0.013) 22.376(0.341) 24.413(0.274) 31.587(0.032) 34.076(0.022) 34.454(0.029) 36.803(0.045) 38.207(0.027) 0.028 0.000 0.059 0.048 0.108 6.3 Conclusion The present calculations show that for F2 and Cl2, the above-said effect sometimes is considerably high and may even be more than 21 kcal/mol (F2 : cc-pVTZ) and 29 kcal/mol (Cl2 : cc-pVDZ) which are much presumably due to high electronegativity of F and Cl atoms. This suggests that inclusion of is essential in high accuracy EIP-VUMRCC IP calculations. References [1] K. Adhikari, S. Chattopadhyay, R. K. Nath, B. K. De, D. Sinha, Chem. Phys. Lett.  474 (2009) 199. [2] S. Chattopadhyay, A. Mitra, D. Jana, P. Ghosh and D. Sinha, Chem. Phys. Lett. 361  (2002) 298. [3] S. Chattopadhyay, A. Mitra and D. Sinha, J. Chem. Phys. 125 (2006) 244111. [4] K. Adhikari, S. Chattopadhyaya, B. K. De, A. Sharma, R. K. Nath, D. Sinha, J. Comp.  Chem. 34 (2013) 1291. [5] EMSL Basis Set Library (www.emsl.pnl.gov/forms/basisform.html). [6] G. Bieri, A. Schemelzer, L. Ã…sbrink and M. Jonsson, Chem. Phys. 49 (1980) 213. [7] A. B. cornfored, D. C. Frost, C. A. McDowell, J. L. Ragle, and I. A. Stenhouse, J.  Chem. Phys. 54 (1971) 2651. [8] P. Weightman, T. D. Thomas and D. R. Jennison, J. Chem. Phys. 78 (1983) 1652. 1

Analysis Of The Financial Statements Of Coca Cola Finance Essay

Analysis Of The Financial Statements Of Coca Cola Finance Essay The firm and the outside providers of the capital that is the investors and the creditors will all take the financial statements into considerations .The Investor in the companys will be interested in the present and future expected earning of the company . As a result the investoes will be interested in the profitability of the company usually this will be their focus of their analysis. They are also concerned with the firm ability of the firm to pay dividends Internal management will also employ financial analysis for the following reasons: Better purpose of internal control Management need to undertake financial analysis in order to plan and control effectively The financial manager is particularly concerned with the return on investment provided by various assets of the company. Financial statements Financial analysis is the art of transforming data from financial statement into information that is useful for decision making. Balance sheet: A summary of a firm financial position on a given data that shows total assets =total liabilities + owners equity INCOME STATEMENT:- A summary of a firms revenues and expenses over a specified period ending net income or loss for a period. Cash flow statements:- Is a financial Statements that shows how changes in the balance sheet accounts and income affects cash and cash equivalents and break the analysis down to operating investing and finance activities. FINANCIAL ANALYSIS FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Balance sheet Cash Flow Statement INCOME STATEMENT COCA COLA BACKGROUND INFORMATION The coca cola company is the worlds largest produces of non alcoholic beverages concentrates and syrups.This company is based in atalnta, gerogia which makes concentrated form of beverages and sells them to the retailers. The company has its operation in more that 200 countries and sells nearly up to 100 different brands .Coca cola is now one of the worlds largest co-operation with a global workforcw of 90000. Over the years the brand equity of Coca cola trade mark,the produces brands ,has established the company a prominent figure in the non alcoholic industry and allowed comapnay to maintain high revenue and profits . The Coca-Cola Companys major offerings include such as coca -cola, sprite ,Fanta ,coke zero etc. EVALUATION Liquidity (Appendix A) Current Ratio: The current ration from the years 2007 to 2009(Appendix A) has been increasing but when compared to the standard ration 2:1 these ratios are much lower which shows short term liquidity effencicy and inefficient use of resources.Some corrective measures should be taken by the management to maintain the resources. Acid test ratio:This show the ability of the firm to pay its current obligation more quickly without considering the inventory and per-paid expenses . From the ratios (Appendix A) the firm has no trouble in meeting its current obligation ;there is an incline in the ratio and the company has the ability to meet the current obligation. working capital: The working capital of the company (Appendix A) when seen from 2007 to 2008 the net working capital was negative and the situation was alarming.The ablity of the firm to meet its current expenses for day to day operation shows a constraint. But in 009 the working capital shows a positive impact. Receivables Turnover:In Coca cola the number of times receivables are converted into cash has showed continuous varation from 2007 to 2009. In 2007 the accounts receivables turnover showed incline but again in 2008 due to the financial crisis it has showed a decline. So improvement has been made in 2009 in collection of accounts receivables. So overall situation is quite satisfactory. AVERAGE COLLECTION PERIOD: In coca cola the number of days requires to collect receivables have increased over the time; it shows the ineffective management of the credit department. So this ratio shows the negetive trend as efficiency has not improved Days sales in inventory: In coca cola the number of days requires to collect receivables have increased over the time; it shows the ineffective management of the credit department. So this ratio shows the negetive trend as efficiency has not improved. Inventory turnover: In coca cola cash were increased in 2007 and 2009. This was indication of negative trend. However improvement has been made in 2008. Leverage (Appendix A) Leverage ratios measure the degree of protection of suppliers of long term funds. The level of leverage depends on a lot of factors such as availability of collateral, strength of operating cash flow and tax treatments. Thus, investors should be careful about comparing financial leverage between companies from different industries. In Coco cola The amount of funds provided by creditors in relation to total assets has been the same from 2007 to 2009. Debt- to total -asset ratio it is obvious that amount of funds provided by creditors to purchase total assets are continuously remaining the same. As in last 3 years the more than 25% of the total assts are being financed by creditors, so the current situation is quite alarming. Operating cash flow that show a great percentage increase which the suppliers and the investors should see . Profitability(Appendix A) It is this ratio analysis which would give an insight into the prfotability of the firm , as it would help the investors analysi the combined effect of the liquidity of the firm , its dividend yield Earning pershare , revenue growth and the are all important for the survival of the firm. This would tell how the company has been utilizing its resources in generating profits and shareholders value. GROSS PROFIT MARGIN: In coca cola the gross profit margin of the organization has showed a continuous increased from 2007 to 2009. But the above time serious analysis clearly implicit, that the ability of the organization to generate profit is improving. The management has taken reasonable as well as tremendous efforts to improve profitability. Net Profit Margin: In coca cola although there was slight decline in 2007 from 2008 due to the financial crisis net profit margin , but in 2009 serious analysis clearly implicit, that the ability of the organization to generate profit is improving. This showed that the management is managing it selling and admin expenses efficiently and effectively with increasing sales profit to add more to net profits. Profit generation capability is showing positive trend over the years. Operating Income margin: In coca cola operating profit was increased in 2009 from 2008 . It was decreased in 2008 as compared to previous year. However in 2009 a considerable increased has occurred. Operating profit has increased considerably. So the overall situation is quite satisfactory. Return on Equity: The Return on Equity was maximum in 2008 but decreased in 2009 and went down more in 2007 . This again may have happened due to the issue of more long-term debt recession. Return on investment: The overall trend is positive over the timeperiod. The return on investment has increased considerably from 2007 to 2009, which indicates that funds are being utilized effectively to generate revenue. INVESTOR ANALYSIS(Appendix A) DEGREE OF FINANCIAL LEVERAGE: The degree of financial leverage is fluctuating over the time period. It was improved in year 2009 and 2007 but, in 2008 once again it indicate a negative trend. The loan is not being utilized efficiently to made more earnings available toshareholders. So the above trend needs corrective action. Earning Per Share: Earning per share has been increased continuously. It is obvious, that earning capacity of the organization is improving continuously with the time. Earning made on each share of the stockholders equity is increasing. This showed that the shareholders fund is being used efficiently and effectively to maximize the shareholders wealth. Price / Earning Ratio: Price/earning ratio has been decreasing continuously over the three years. It has decreased considerably in 2008. It reflects a very bad indication on the price of the share. It is quite alarming for the marker price of the stock. Corrective action should be taken immediately. Dividend Yield: Dividend yield which shows dividend per share in relation to market price per share. It was decreasing from 2008 to 2009. Dividend yield showed improvement in 2008 as compared to previous 3 years. So the above analysis shows that some improvement has been made. Book Value per Share: It relates the stockholders equity to the number of shares outstanding, giving the shares a raw value. Comparing the market value to the book value can indicate whether or not the stock in overvalued or undervalued. CRITICAL ANALYSIS: (Appendix A) The fizz is back in Coca-Colas stock. As we can see in the envaluation the company is generating a huge amount of cash flow of 44.70 billion and about $2.93 per share.It has made a net prfit margin of 20.55% in 2009 and a return on equity of about 26.92% . Any one would tell that this is a fabulous company. The company last year saw profit and sales rise following a strong performance in the developing markets. Coca-Cola remains financially awesome and its drinks will be sold even if the economy cools off. The company has moved into the an emerging consumer market such as China , as now China is taking is firt sip of Coca cola.If the history is any guide, the people of that country will get hookied to Coca cola nad will become their loyal customers. Coca cola has a strong Earning per share and this would continue growing for the next 2 to 5 years. The stock would hit $62 within this year. Coca-Cola shares were trading at a price-earnings ratio of 19.45 Coca-Colas stock has gained about 20% more than the Standard Poors 500 Index ($INX) over the past five years Earnings growth in the past year has moved up moderately compared to earnings growth in the past years. Positive. Coca-Colas stock actually looks like a good investment now that it is starting to benefit from a renewed focus on aggressively retooling its product mix. The coca cola stock where fluctuating from $45-69, the price of Coca cola stock now is $53.61which is actually down. The company is now willing to take risks on new brands to capture the strength of hip soft-drink trends such as energy drinks and flavored waters. From now on I can see that Coca-Cola is gaining market share through out the globe. Its safe for investors to assume that the growth in the most recent years is not a fake, but the beginning of a trend the shares will grow steadily higher. As of now I guess that the company has a drop in business in Europe and latin America Developing markets such as China, Africa and India posted double-digit growth in unit volume led in part by carbonated beverages such as Coke and Sprite. The analysi of coca cola would not be complete without taking intpo the consideration the brand recogination because it is one of the billion companies in the world that people recognize. Its hard to tell the worth of coke brand but you can be sure that its an essential ingredient contributing to the companys ongoing success SELECTED COMPITETOR PepsiCo Pepsico is the compitetos for coca cola in the non alcoholic beverge industry. It has 31% of the total maket shar as when comapered to coke which has 42.8%. U.S. non-alcoholic beverage market share, by volume PEP has many brands some very well known Mountain Dew Aquafina Tropicana and Lipton Both the companies are working hard to grab a larger share in the market and for the title of the best soda producer in the world ,both the companies have a similar taste in the investment portfolio.both the companies share equal powerful brand names and global franchises , but when it comes to profit, revenue EPS dididend yield and othe terms realeted to investment in their stock both different in different ways. But during the period of recession both the companies had problems making the stock prices and the revenue incomes , the management of pepsico was far better as we get to see in the critical analysi of the assignment , Pepsico has a larger revenue , due to diversifation of its product lines. Liquidity In the receivables area ,PepsiCo is ahead of coca cola. Coca-cola is better off with the days sales in receivables, but substantially behind either per year and account receivable turnover, days. In the inventory area, Coco cola appears to be ahead of PepsiCo. They do have some what different Inventory methods, which could account for the difference. Coca-Cola has a slightly higher operating cycle ,Which favors PepsiCo Working capital cannot be compared .PepsiCo is materially better that Coca cola PepsiCo current ratio is materially higher than Coca colas. This is necessarily bood because the Coca-cola current ratio is very good and PepsiCo possibly has to many inventory. Coca cola and PepsiCo acid test ratio are both quite the same, which is good. Coca-Cola cash on hand is much better than PepsiCo. Leverages: PepsiCo did better in debt ratio ,debt/equity ratio, and tangible net worth ,Cocacola has good ration in these areas. Coca cola has a materially better operating cash flow/total debt .PepsiCo debt indicator appears to be materially better than Coca cola. The Coca-Cola indicators are good. Profitability Coca-Cola has a number of profitability indicators that are materially better than PepsiCo. Included here are net profit margin, return on investment, return on equity. PepsiCo has a number of profitability indicators that are better than coca cola.In general, PepsiCo s profitability appears to be materially better than coca cola. Investors Analysis Neither company has a high degree of financial leverage ,but Coca-Cola is lower. price/earning ratio is slightly higher for coca cola . Take a note liquidity is better for PepsiCo ,long tern debt paying ability was materially better for PepsiCo and the profitability was materially better for PepsiCo . The Investors Analysis appears to be better for PepsiCo that that of Coca-Cola .Considering the liquidity , long-term debt paying ability and the profitability we would expect PepsiCo price/earning ratio to be higher than Coca-Cola . Getting technical (Appendix B) The stock to see them how they have been performed I took a look at the chart of 4 years price of the stock , in the chart for the coca cola share we see that Coke has done remarkably very well in 2007 but in December 2008 we see that the stock proce has come dwn . even because of this , the stock boasts a total return, including dividends, of about 23% for the past year. But PepsiCo has held its ground better In terms of fundamentals, Pepsi seems to have the slight advantage. While Coca-Cola does have the higher figures, Pepsi has the better margins in terms of operating margins, revenue, and profit which is more important for growing companies. During the 2009 pepsi had a better EPS in their statements. The past year Coca-Cola has only remain in a five dollar range, showing little fluctuation patterns for speculators or investors. While this seems to be bad in coca cola ,the value seems to have increased to its maximum, but we can also see a drop in the prices of shre of Coca cola when compared to 2007 and 2009.While pepsico has seen continued growth throughout its tenure in a nice steady growth pattern. The company is in its prime of its careerand this should be able to carry the stock to high numbers for at least a decade.By investing now in pepsi, the investos have an opportunity to see pepsi rise to near 80-100 points by 2010.and possibility of more by 2015. Such as a process is also favorable with its dividend payoff which allows for reinvestments to increase gains. Likewise, I give PepsiCo an edge on the product side. Both companies have done very well navigating a beverage market that is always evolving. PepsiCo owns the Gatorade brand, which is popular with the athletic set; Coca-Cola purchased the trendy Vitamin Water line in 2007. Depending on the market situation in tha klast two years coke stock trades at 10.8 times the analyst earning while pepsico 11.3 times , which indicates that pepsico is doing better. My expectation is that coke profits would grow to 9 percent over the next five years ,but pepsico would grow at 11 percent ,which is behind the forcast. To me, thats an edge for PepsiCo, because the company has more room for overseas growth. This sort of competition keeps both companies innovative, aggressive and eager to please consumers and shareholders. Pepsi has the edge over Coke in price performance, with a total return, including dividends, Looking at longer-term patterns, PepsiCo has a decided edge. Over 10 years, PepsiCo has an even bigger advantage. EVALUATION OF FINANCIAL MARKETS 2008 financial crisis: Coca-Cola Coca cola is selling its products all over the world and it would be a safe investment for the people if they are buying the shares people as I realize that due to the economice crisis investors think twice before they actually buy the stock , the prices of the shaers are increasing and this indicates that the growth will be more as the days pass by. 2009 results. Despite the economic downturn, the company increased its sales by 2 percent in the United States and by 3 percent worldwide. In India, Coca-Colas business grew by 31 percent between January and March 2009. In 2008, sales revenue increased by 7 percent in Brazil In the 2008 due to this crisi profit fell 3 percent to $5.81 billion, or $2.49 per share, from $5.98 billion, or $2.57 per share, in 2007. Commodity Cost Fluctuations Affect Margins:. The varaiation in the prices of the raw materials would directly and indirectly affect the production coas which in turn would affect the profitability of Coca cola. Here Coca cola itself would be directly purchasing the raw materials which are used to make the concertes nad syrups.varation in the prices of these would affect the cost of production of as wellas the profit margins Here also the change in the production cost os the bottlers can also impact the coca cola profitability in and indirect way though. If the raw material becomes more that is necessary for bottling then ,the bottlers would be forced to increase the prices to compensate. Such a nature would hurt the profitabitity of the company , in such an competitive nature of the non alcoholic beverage company.and would be possible incentive for the consumers to switch over to other companies beverages. The prices of these commodities rose in 2007 and dramatically pressured margins. significant rise in Commodities represents a constant threat to profits. Dollar Affects International Performance : The another factor for the decrease in the profit and revenue was the affect in the dollar performance. Although the company was based in north America more that 76% of its revenues was derived from outside north America.Because of this the company is very sensitive to the strength in Dollar price.As the prices of the other currencies weaken relative to dollar , goods that are sold outside the US are worth back in the US, lowering earmning. Thus, if the dollar strengthens (as it did in the second half of 2008 and 2009), it has a negative effect on Coca cola earnings. Coca-Cola expect currency fluctuations to adversely operating income by 10-12% . The Global Economic Recession Threatens Overall Demand http://cdn.wikinvest.com/i/px.gif: In the 2008 -2009 the global economic recession , the credit crunch had a major impact on the sales and revenues of the COCA COLA company as because the consumers where not able to afford the price of coca cola during that period , the company had also increased the prices of their product because of the increase in the price of their commodity. Conclusion and recommendations

Corporation Tax and the Harberger General Equilibrium Model Essay

A corporation can be defined as firstly having limited liability, where its owners, the shareholders, are not required to use their personal assets to pay the debts of a failed company; thus the owners and the corporation are separate legal entities. Secondly a corporation has delegated management where the decisions of how the company is run, are left to the managers whom are separate from the owners. Finally the owners of the corporation can easily transfer their share of ownership through the exchanges in the financial markets. The tax on a company’s profits which is the difference between the company’s gross income and its business costs is thus called the corporation tax. Now it may appear that as the tax is on the profits of the company and so the company must pay the tax, however there are many individuals such as the employees, consumers and owners on whom the corporation tax can be passed on too. I will look at the Harberger general equilibrium model, which analyses the incidence of the corporation tax by splitting the US economy into two sectors, the corporate and the non-corporate, which produce goods X and Y respectively. There are several assumptions made in the model which are that there is full employment, and after the tax, if initial prices continue to prevail, then government would just counterbalance the reduction in private expenditure on the two goods. There is also free mobility of factors across sectors, competitive markets and constant returns to scale, as well as a closed economy and free mobility of factors across sectors. It is also assumed that the redistribution of income among consumers will not change the patterns of demand. The analysis by Harberger shows that there are several variables wh... ...us allows for the corporate returns to recover to a point of equilibrium in the long run where the returns in the two industries are at a lower but equal rate. If the results of Harbenger are to be believed, where owners of capital bear the full or close to the full burden of the tax, then there should be cause for concern for countries implementing high levels of corporation tax. This is because there is a global trend for increasingly higher levels of capital mobility. Therefore, owners of capital would be able to somewhat avoid the tax burden by avoiding countries with high capital tax rates, and thus restricting the flow of capital to those countries. However, given the large number of variables which need to be taken into account when determining the incidence of the corporate tax it is still not completely clear who bears the incidence of the corporate tax.

Don Quixote on the Road to Barcelona :: Don Quixote Essays

Don Quixote on the Road to Barcelona This paper will analyze the passage in the book Don Quixote where Sancho physically fights with Quixote to prevent Quixote from lashing him. On a practical joke playing duke's suggestion in the last chapter Sancho had promised to lash himself over 3000 times as a way to remove the spell that turned Quixote love interest, lady "Dona Dulcinea del Toboso," from a noblewoman to a peasant girl. Whether is was intentional or not the theme of the common man asserting himself against capricious punishment and rule by the nobles is evident in this passage. The passage opens - "Master and man dismounted from their beasts, and as soon as they had settled themselves at the foot of the trees, Sancho, who had had a good noontide meal that day, let himself, without more ado, pass the gates of sleep." Sancho is and represents is the common man in Cervante's book. Like all peasants Sancho worries about practical matters and lives in the moment, (though he has clearly begun to believe in Quixote's quest when he told his wife earlier in the book that he was sticking with Quixote). Like all common men he has little to worry him in the here and now and puts the break in their travels to good use by nodding off. "But Don Quixote, whom his thoughts, far more than hunger, kept awake, could not close an eye, and roamed in fancy to and fro through all sorts of places." In Don Quixote, Cervantes paints the nobleman, or one at least one who fancies himself noble. Like all noblemen Quixote troubles himself with thoughts of high importance. He is unable to nod off with Sancho's ease because he has many things on his mind. "At one moment it seemed to him that he was in the cave of Montesinos and saw Dulcinea, transformed into a country wench, skipping and mounting upon her she-ass; again that the words of the sage Merlin were sounding in his ears, setting forth the conditions to be observed and the exertions to be made for the disenchantment of Dulcinea." This sentence alludes to an adventure earlier in the book in the enchanted caves of Montesinos.

How E.E. Cummings uses form in his poems Essay

Form is an integral part of poetry. The form used by E. E. Cummings is quite unique, and is different in each of his poems. His poems, â€Å"nobody loses all the time,† â€Å"pity this busy monster,manunkind,† and â€Å"r-p-o-p-h-e-s-s-a-g-r† illustrate this fact. The poem, â€Å"nobody loses all the time† is a good representation of Cummings’ work, written in no traditional form. It is 37 lines long, divided into six stanzas of six lines each, and one line standing alone at the end. This poem is unique in that it does not contain any punctuation other than apostrophes and parentheses. Cummings does not follow the traditional practice of capitalizing the first word of each line, either. In fact, the capitalization in this poem is quite unusual. Cummings does not have sentences, since there is no punctuation, so almost all of the words are written in lower-case. He does not even capitalize the word ‘I.’ He capitalizes only the proper nouns â€Å"Uncle Sol,† â€Å"Victor Victrola,† â€Å"Missouri† and â€Å"McCann,† as well as the words in line five, â€Å"He Was a Diver on Xmas Eve like Hell Itself.† Written in open form, this poem has a very conversational tone. The lines vary in length, showing no pattern, and there is no consistent meter. The number of accents and syllables per line varies throughout the poem as well, and all of this poem’s lines are enjambed except the last. Another interesting characteristic of this poem is that it contains no clear caesurae, or pauses within a line, as it lacks punctuation. The reader can only estimate where caesurae should be. Finally, the poem has no rhyme scheme, or rhyme of any kind. These characteristics all aid in giving this poem its conversational tone, and makes it very different from his poem, â€Å"pity this busy monster,manunkind.† Unlike the previous poem, â€Å"pity this busy monster,manunkind† is written in a very specific form. It is fourteen lines long, and written in blank verse– iambic pentameter with no end rhyme. This particular poem has no internal rhyme in it, either. Like others written in blank verse, this poem contains what are called verse paragraphs. These are stanzas containing varying numbers of lines. In this poem, there are seven of these verse paragraphs, with one, two, three, two, one, three, and two lines, respectively. Cummings does manage to stray slightly away from the restrictions of iambic  pentameter by using metrical substitution. Throughout the poem, a handful of trochees, as well as pyrrhics, can be found. In another digression from tradition, this poem does not have capitalization at the beginning of each line, only at the beginning of each sentence. On a similar note, only two of the poem’s lines–two and fourteen–are end-stopped. This makes for many other pauses, found within the lines of the poem. Caesurae are present in lines one, two, six, eight, nine, ten, twelve, thirteen, and fourteen. Overall, for E. E. Cummings, this poem is very structured–unlike some others he has written. The poem â€Å"r-p-o-p-h-e-s-s-a-g-r† is unique, to say the least. Seen written on a piece of paper, this poem looks like a hand in a scrabble game. Comparing this poem to most other poetry is like comparing a Pablo Picasso painting to a Leonardo da Vinci. This poem is in no way written in any traditional form. It is composed of fifteen lines, and has only one stanza. The fifteen lines of this poem are indented in eight different ways, with no apparent pattern of indentation. Spacing between ‘words’ within the lines also varies throughout the poem. Those words, are barely decipherable at first glance, and with seemingly haphazard placement of punctuation and use of capitalization, this poem can be easily mistaken for a meaningless jumble of characters. It has no meter and it has no rhyme. One might say that this poem must not be a poem at all, but through careful scrutiny, a reader can see that this jumble of letters and symbols does, in fact say something. This poem revolves around the letters in its title: r, p, o, p, h, e, s, s, a, g and r. These letters are seen together four times throughout the poem, only arranged in different orders and with different capitalization. By the last line of the poem, and the fourth time the letters appear, they spell the word grasshopper. The third time the letters appear, they are set up so that every other letter is capitalized, with the lower-case letters being the first six of the word, and the capitals being the last five (â€Å"gRrEaPsPhOs†). The second time the letters appear, they are written as â€Å"PPEGORHRASS,† not significantly altered from the original â€Å"r-p-o-p-h-e-s-s-a-g-r.† The other words of the poem are a puzzle as well. Only the words ‘who’ and ‘to’ are written as simple as they are written here. In line three, the words ‘as,’ ‘we,’ and ‘look,’ are written as â€Å"a ) sw (e loo )k.† In line four, the words ‘up’ and ‘now’ can be drawn out of â€Å"upnowgath.† Two other words, ‘become’ and a word that Cummings himself probably invented, ‘rearrangingly,’ are intertwined as â€Å"rea(be)rran(com)gi(e)ngly† in line fourteen. Within the parentheses are fragments of one word, and outside of the parentheses are fragments of the other. All of the other words of this poem are split up between two or more lines. Altogether, there are fifteen to sixteen words in this poem, and there are a number of different conclusions that can be drawn from the form they take. One conclusion could be that the poem reads, ‘r-p-o-p-h-e-s-s-a-g-r who as we look up, now gathering into PPEGORHRASS, he leaps, arriving at gRrEaPsPhOs, to rearrangingly become grasshopper.’ Another conclusion could be that E. E. Cummings used form in a way that only he could ever duplicate. Form, in many different varieties, is found in all poetry. E. E. Cummings poetry, though often atypical, and sometimes downright peculiar, is a perfect example of that.

Marketing – Colgate Greece

When the brand was introduced in the Greek grocery? Colgate Palmolive (Hellas) was found in 13th February 1962 with implication of foreigner capital and as commit the city of Athens. It is fact, however, that from 1950, increases as toothpaste Colgate, custard of shaves Palmolive, Soap Palmolive they were trade and distributed in the Greek merchandise by the company OLYMPIA, which continued distributing and trade in reapings Colgate-Palmolive also afterwardwards the unveiling of Greek company and the domestic fruit of these, up to 1974. Line Extension Colgate mad Pro-Relief Colgate Max livid Colgate Max chic Colgate period Control Colgate Oxygen Colgate summation Colgate summation Advanced impudent Colgate congeries Plus whitening Colgate contribute Fresh Stripe Colgate Sensitive Colgate Sensitive discolour Colgate whitenessning Colgate Herbal Colgate Herbal White Colgate Protection Caries Colgate Triple run Colgate bake Soda C olgate Anti-Tartar Plus Whitening Colgate Blue Minty Gel Colgate Oulodent Regular Colgate Oulodent Colgate Smiles Colgate 2 1 * The all over every last(predicate) potential of Colgates Toothpastes is 30% as a cling to sh atomic number 18. The table below shows us analytically the potential of toothpastes in Greek securities industry. Colgate Total Colgate-Palmolive Hellas SAIC 10. 8 9. 9 9. 4 7. 5 Aim Complete 8 Actions Unilever Hellas SA - - 3. 6 6. 7 Aim C-Fresh Unilever Hellas SA - 2. 5 5. 1 6. 0 Aim White strategy Unilever Hellas SA 6. 3 6. 5 6. 4 5. 8 Colgate Whitening Colgate-Palmolive Hellas SAIC 4. 4 4. 0 4. 1 4. 3 Theramed 2-in-1 Henkel Hellas SA 4. 6 4. 7 3. 8 3. Colgate Herbal White Colgate-Palmolive Hellas SAIC 3. 1 3. 1 3. 2 3. 4 Colgate Herbal Colgate-Palmolive Hellas SAIC 3. 4 3. 5 3. 0 3. 2 Colgate Baking Soda Colgate-Palmolive Hellas SAIC 5. 9 5. 0 3. 2 2. 7 Colgate Max Fresh Colgate-Palmolive Hellas SAIC 1. 6 2. 0 2. 4 2. 5 Colgate Time Control Col gate-Palmolive Hellas SAIC 1. 0 2. 0 2. 5 2. 4 Crest Complete excess White Gerolymatos Cosmetics SA - - - 2. 3 Aim Family Unilever Hellas SA 3. 8 3. 5 2. 7 2. 0Colgate Oulodent Colgate-Palmolive Hellas SAIC - - 2. 2. 0 Colgate Smiles Colgate-Palmolive Hellas SAIC 1. 6 1. 8 1. 9 1. 9 Elgydium Whitening Pierre Fabre Hellas SA 2. 1 1. 6 1. 3 1. 3 Aim White Now Unilever Hellas SA - - 0. 3 1. 1 Colgate Total Advanced Whitening Colgate-Palmolive Hellas SAIC - - 0. 4 0. 8 Colgate Total Fresh Stripe Colgate-Palmolive Hellas SAIC - - - 0. 8 Colgate Total Advanced Clean Colgate-Palmolive Hellas SAIC - - - 0. 7 Theramed Henkel Hellas SA 1. 2 1. 2 0. 7 0. 6 Aquafresh Herbal GlaxoSmithKline SA 0. 1 0. 0. 3 0. 3 A. The target grocery store The Colgate in Greece has created products for all ages and especially for consumers who are concerned to the highest degree oral health issues. Each product of Colgate is addressed for the contrasting needs of consumers. initiatory of all for customar ywealth that have problems with their teeth, much(prenominal) as tooth-decay, tooth-plaque, tooth-stone, sensitive gums and etc. Consumers in this target market usually bribe toothpaste products without caring close the price, as languish as they will get the highest fibre that Colgate offers to them.Secondly, people who are concerned about their oral hygiene, such as uncollectible breath, and personal appearance. Consumers in this target market are closelyly young people that care about the whitening and the cleanest breath that Colgate offers. Finally, another target market for Colgate is kid. Colgate has some(prenominal) products related to children and as we can look at from websites and publicizing, children for Colgate are a rather pregnant target market. Colgate tries to offer to parents, toothpaste products with the highest quality that will gear up their childrens teeth powerful and without harmful issues in the future. B.marting Mix Colgate-Palmolive provides to the market reliable and pictureive products and it incessantly tries to reach its products with the smaller possible effect in the environment. 1) overlap a. Development and History Product is anything that can be offered to a market that might satisfy a essential or need. Consumers purchase toothpaste products for their desire and propitiation that they think the product provide. Colgate toothpaste production started in 1873 over the world. Colgate introduced its toothpaste in a metro similar to modern-day toothpaste tubes in the 1890s. Until after 1945, toothpastes contained soap.After that prison term, other ingredients to make the paste into a smooth paste or photographic emulsion such as sodium lauryl sulphate, a common ingredient in present-day(prenominal) toothpaste replaced soap. In the second half of the ordinal century modern toothpastes were developed to aid prevent or treat unique(predicate) diseases and conditions. b. Design and Quality Toothpastes toda y typically contain fluoride, coloring, flavoring, sweetener, as well as ingredients that make the toothpaste a smooth paste, sparkle and stay moist. Individual toothpastes also may contain special ingredients, such as triclosan in Colgate Total.Toothpaste in tubes is use throughout the world and has been a very booming invention. Colgate provides to the market reliable and effective products and it always tries to produce its products with the smaller possible effect in the environment. Colgate has the highest quality in Market that is why it is first in Greece and over the world in sales. c. Product features unavoidably to be found from a Colgate incase 2) Price Colgate Palmolive prices its products so to be totally matched to a market. The combination of competitive price as well as excellent quality makes Colgates products to be very high in demand.All prices convert from 2. 5 Euro to 3 Euros for the more heterogeneous toothpastes. 3) Distribution A channel of statisti cal dispersal is a group of individuals and organizations that direct the of products from producers to customers. The major(ip) role of Distribution channels is to make products available at the right time at the right place in the right quantities. The main Channels for Colgate distribution in market are good-looking department stores as Hondos Center, product and of course supermarkets, mini markets and Dental clinics that our dental practitioner suggests Colgate toothpaste. ) Promotion Promotion is one of the most important part of any company, by promoting the product it is published to consumers that the product outlast and is available to everyone. There are more ways to promote a product as advertising, personal selling, public transaction and sales forward motion. a. Advertising Colgate primarily used advertisements as its main publicity strategies. Its different products that are designed for different segments are targeted to the audience by highlighting its featur es. Its common tagline for all products is No1 brand recommended by dentist.Colgate has taken up a weird advertising campaign in Bangkok. b. Sales promotion As such no promotion is done at retail take aim except the recommendation by the shopkeeper. only for rural market Colgate uses VAN (van is a mobile promotion station having facilities for test show, slide show and mike publicity). c. habitual relations PR campaigns were undertaken extensively during the cast of the brand in leading newspapers and magazines, though they were focused more directly on enhancing the image of the parent company in the eyes of stakeholders like shareholders potential investors that in consumers.

Chemical in Daily Life Essay

Its brief meaning explains it all. chemic science is a science that deals with matter, its composition, and changes they undertake. alchemy has been vary in our lives ever since. It contributes to our existence, our culture, and our spiritedness. interpersonal chemistry explains wherefore changes happen roughly us. All aliment processes are chemic reactions. It helps in sustaining our inevitably. by this we are able to feed the populaces population, medicines to cure diseases and meliorate health, and to nurse our environment.interpersonal chemistry plays an important function in our lives. It contributes a lot to valet de chambre friendship. So lets use alchemy in a way that human being and our environment would benefit from it. Chemistry involves every(prenominal)thing astir(predicate) us. It is part of our daily life. From the consequence we wake up until we go to bed. The solid food we take, the makeup we put on our faces, the soaps and cleaners we used ev eryday, chemistry is all around you every day. hemistry is somehow related to accountants. Because it helps to apprehend the changes that accountants undergo in their life and to infer human body. It only shows that chemistry plays a major role in our life. It explains every phenomenon in Life and illustrates the changes in our environment.It apprise be the source of maintaining the ecological sense of equilibrium and designates the life of planet Earth. Chemistry draws the chemical substance phenomena in life processes that contributes to our knowledge near the chemical changes in life and environment. culture chemistry is like learning the human beings that we are blessed by graven image because He create us and different Living things perfectly. Accountants need to study chemistry in order to know about the life processes and the composition of every thing. And that is the range of a function of studying chemistry.MPORTANCE AND USES OF CHEMISTRYAn construeing of anima te organisms, including the human being havereached us by means of chemistry, the science dealing with materials, their composition, and the changes, which they undergo. Chemistry and chemical changes help us understand the human body. Chemistry fits into our lives. It offers overbold chemical frontiers and tells us what benefits may flow from them. Chemistry contributes to our existence, our culture, and our quality of life. Chemistry is concerned with the changes we elate around us, like the rusting of iron, development of grass, burning of wood and many more. Without these changes or chemical reactions our Planet Earth would be lifeless.A plant takes carbon dioxide from the atmospheric state and water from the soil to produce carbohydrates with a wondrous series of chemical reactions called photosynthesis. All living processes are chemical reactions. Everything we use, wear, live in, ride in, and play with is produced through verifyled chemical reactions. Chemists design re actions that will interchange chemical substances we find around us into chemical substances that serve our needs. Chemistry answers the needs of our society through a complex taste of the factors that govern and furnish control of chemical reactions. It plays a critical role in mans strain to feed the world population, to tap new sources of energy, to clothe and house humankind, to provide renewable substitutes for dwindling or scarce materials, to improve health and conquer disease, and to monitor and value our environment.Because of this responsiveness to human needs, chemistry has buy the farm a crucial factor in the nations economic well-being. aside from that, our culture believes that learning about our coif in the universe is not becoming reason for encouraging scientific inquiry. nil concerns humans more than questions about the genius of life and how to preserve it. Since all life processes are brought about by chemical changes, understanding chemical reactivity is a vital foundation for our ultimate understanding of life. Thus chemistry, along with biology, contributes to human knowledge in areas of universal philosophical significance.